Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中華人民共和國民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過）
Book One General Part Chapter I General Provisions
第一編??總則
Chapter I General Provisions
第一章??基本規(guī)定
Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China for the purposes of protecting the lawful rights and interests of the persons of the civil law, regulating civil-law relations, maintaining social and economic order, meet the needs for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and carrying forward the core socialist values.
第一條??為了保護民事主體的合法權益，調整民事關系，維護社會和經濟秩序，適應中國特色社會主義發(fā)展要求，弘揚社會主義核心價值觀，根據(jù)憲法，制定本法。
Article 2 The civil law regulates personal and proprietary relationships among the persons of the civil law, namely, natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations that are equal in status.
第二條??民法調整平等主體的自然人、法人和非法人組織之間的人身關系和財產關系。
Article 3 The personal rights, proprietary rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the persons of the civil law are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第三條??民事主體的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益受法律保護，任何組織或者個人不得侵犯。
Article 4 All persons of the civil law are equal in legal status when conducting civil activities.
第四條??民事主體在民事活動中的法律地位一律平等。
Article 5 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall, in compliance with the principle of voluntariness, create, alter, or terminate a civil juristic relationship according to his own will.
第五條??民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循自愿原則，按照自己的意思設立、變更、終止民事法律關系。
Article 6 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall, in compliance with the principle of fairness, reasonably clarify the rights and obligations of each party.
第六條??民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循公平原則，合理確定各方的權利和義務。
Article 7 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall, in compliance with the principle of good faith, uphold honesty and honor commitments.
第七條??民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循誠信原則，秉持誠實，恪守承諾。
Article 8 When conducting a civil activity, no person of the civil law shall violate the law, or offend public order or good morals.
第八條??民事主體從事民事活動，不得違反法律，不得違背公序良俗。
Article 9 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall act in a manner that facilitates conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment.
第九條??民事主體從事民事活動，應當有利于節(jié)約資源、保護生態(tài)環(huán)境。
Article 10 Civil disputes shall be resolved in accordance with law. Where the law does not specify, custom may be applied, provided that public order and good morals may not be offended.
第十條??處理民事糾紛，應當依照法律；法律沒有規(guī)定的，可以適用習慣，但是不得違背公序良俗。
Article 11 Where there are other laws providing special provisions regulating civil-law relations, such provisions shall be followed.
第十一條??其他法律對民事關系有特別規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 12 The laws of the People’s Republic of China shall apply to the civil activities taking place within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, except as otherwise provided by law.
第十二條??中華人民共和國領域內的民事活動，適用中華人民共和國法律。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Chapter II Natural Persons
第二章??自然人
Section 1 Capacity for Enjoying Civil-law Rights and Capacity for Performing Civil Juristic Acts
第一節(jié)??民事權利能力和民事行為能力
Article 13 A natural person shall, from the time of birth until the time of death, have the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights, and may enjoy civil-law rights and assume civil-law duties in accordance with law.
第十三條??自然人從出生時起到死亡時止，具有民事權利能力，依法享有民事權利，承擔民事義務。
Article 14 All natural persons are equal in their capacity for enjoying civil-law rights.
第十四條??自然人的民事權利能力一律平等。
Article 15 The time of birth and time of death of a natural person are determined by the time recorded on his birth or death certificate as applied, or, if there is no birth or death certificate, by the time recorded in the natural person’s household registration or other valid identity certificate. If there is sufficient evidence overturning the time recorded in the aforementioned documents, the time that is established by such evidence shall prevail.
第十五條??自然人的出生時間和死亡時間，以出生證明、死亡證明記載的時間為準；沒有出生證明、死亡證明的，以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的時間為準。有其他證據(jù)足以推翻以上記載時間的，以該證據(jù)證明的時間為準。
Article 16 A fetus is deemed as having the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights in estate succession, acceptance of gift, and other situations where protection of a fetus’ interests is involved. However, a stillborn fetus does not have such capacity ab initio.
第十六條??涉及遺產繼承、接受贈與等胎兒利益保護的，胎兒視為具有民事權利能力。但是，胎兒娩出時為死體的，其民事權利能力自始不存在。
Article 17 A natural person aged 18 or above is an adult. A natural person under the age of 18 is a minor.
第十七條??十八周歲以上的自然人為成年人。不滿十八周歲的自然人為未成年人。
Article 18 An adult has full capacity for performing civil juristic acts and may independently perform civil juristic acts.
第十八條??成年人為完全民事行為能力人，可以獨立實施民事法律行為。
A minor aged 16 or above whose main source of support is the income from his own labor is deemed as a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
十六周歲以上的未成年人，以自己的勞動收入為主要生活來源的，視為完全民事行為能力人。
Article 19 A minor aged 8 or above has limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act through or upon consent or ratification of his legal representative, provided that such a minor may independently perform a civil juristic act that is purely beneficial to him or that is appropriate to his age and intelligence.
第十九條??八周歲以上的未成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力相適應的民事法律行為。
Article 20 A minor under the age of 8 has no capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act only through his legal representative.
第二十條??不滿八周歲的未成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。
Article 21 An adult unable to comprehend his own conduct has no capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act only through his legal representative.
第二十一條??不能辨認自己行為的成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。
The preceding paragraph is applicable to a minor aged 8 or above who is unable to comprehend his own conduct.
八周歲以上的未成年人不能辨認自己行為的，適用前款規(guī)定。
Article 22 An adult unable to fully comprehend his own conduct has limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act through or upon consent or ratification of his legal representative, provided that such an adult may independently perform a civil juristic act that is purely beneficial to him or that is appropriate to his intelligence and mental status.
第二十二條??不能完全辨認自己行為的成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為。
Article 23 The guardian of a person who has no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts is the legal representative of the person.
第二十三條??無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監(jiān)護人是其法定代理人。
Article 24 Where an adult is unable to comprehend or fully comprehend his conduct, any interested person of such an adult or a relevant organization may request the people’s court to declare that the said adult be identified as a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
第二十四條??不能辨認或者不能完全辨認自己行為的成年人，其利害關系人或者有關組織，可以向人民法院申請認定該成年人為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人。
Where a person has been identified by a people’s court as a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, the people’s court may, upon request of the person, an interested person thereof, or a relevant organization, and based on the recovery of his intelligence and mental health, declare that the said person becomes a person with limited or full capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
被人民法院認定為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人的，經本人、利害關系人或者有關組織申請，人民法院可以根據(jù)其智力、精神健康恢復的狀況，認定該成年人恢復為限制民事行為能力人或者完全民事行為能力人。
A relevant organization referred to in this Article includes a residents’ committee, a villagers’ committee, a school, a medical institution, the women’s federation, the disabled person’s federation, a legally established organization for senior people, the civil affairs department, and the like.
本條規(guī)定的有關組織包括：居民委員會、村民委員會、學校、醫(yī)療機構、婦女聯(lián)合會、殘疾人聯(lián)合會、依法設立的老年人組織、民政部門等。
Article 25 The domicile of a natural person is the residence recorded in the household or other valid identification registration system; if a natural person’s habitual residence is different from his domicile, the habitual residence is deemed as his domicile.
第二十五條??自然人以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的居所為住所；經常居所與住所不一致的，經常居所視為住所。
Section 2 Guardianship
第二節(jié)??監(jiān)護
Article 26 Parents have the duty to raise, educate, and protect their minor children. Adult children have the duty to support, assist, and protect their parents.
第二十六條??父母對未成年子女負有撫養(yǎng)、教育和保護的義務。
Adult children have the duty to support, assist, and protect their parents.
成年子女對父母負有贍養(yǎng)、扶助和保護的義務。
Article 27 The parents of a minor are his guardians.
第二十七條??父母是未成年子女的監(jiān)護人。
Where the parents of a minor are deceased or incompetent to be his guardians, the following persons, if competent, shall act as his guardians in the following order:
未成年人的父母已經死亡或者沒有監(jiān)護能力的，由下列有監(jiān)護能力的人按順序擔任監(jiān)護人：
(1) his paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents;
（一）祖父母、外祖父母；
(2) his elder brothers and sisters; or
（二）兄、姐；
(3) any other individual or organization that is willing to act as his guardian, provided that consent must be obtained from the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the minor’s domicile is located.
（三）其他愿意擔任監(jiān)護人的個人或者組織，但是須經未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。
Article 28 For an adult who has no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, the following persons, if competent, shall act as his guardians in the following order:
第二十八條??無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的成年人，由下列有監(jiān)護能力的人按順序擔任監(jiān)護人：
(1) his spouse;
（一）配偶；
(2) his parents and his children;
（二）父母、子女；
(3) any other close relatives of him; or
（三）其他近親屬；
(4) any other individual or organization that is willing to act as his guardian, provided that consent must be obtained from the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the adult’s domicile is located.
（四）其他愿意擔任監(jiān)護人的個人或者組織，但是須經被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。
Article 29 A parent who is the guardian of his child may, in his will, designate a succeeding guardian for his child.
第二十九條??被監(jiān)護人的父母擔任監(jiān)護人的，可以通過遺囑指定監(jiān)護人。
Article 30 A guardian may be determined through agreement among the persons who are legally qualified to be guardians. The true will of the ward shall be respected in determining the guardian through agreement.
第三十條??依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人之間可以協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護人。協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護人應當尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿。
Article 31 Where a dispute arises over the determination of a guardian, the guardian shall be appointed by the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the ward’s domicile is located, and a party not satisfied with such an appointment may request the people’s court to appoint a guardian; the relevant parties may also directly request the people’s court to make such an appointment.
第三十一條??對監(jiān)護人的確定有爭議的，由被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門指定監(jiān)護人，有關當事人對指定不服的，可以向人民法院申請指定監(jiān)護人；有關當事人也可以直接向人民法院申請指定監(jiān)護人。
When appointing a guardian, the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, the civil affairs department, or the people’s court shall respect the true will of the ward and appoint a guardian in the best interest of the ward from among the legally qualified persons.
居民委員會、村民委員會、民政部門或者人民法院應當尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿，按照最有利于被監(jiān)護人的原則在依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人中指定監(jiān)護人。
Where the personal, proprietary, and other lawful rights and interests of a ward are not under any protection before a guardian is appointed in accordance with the first paragraph of this Article, the residents’ committee, the villager’s committee, a relevant organization designated by law, or the civil affairs department in the place where the ward’s domicile is located shall act as a temporary guardian.
依據(jù)本條第一款規(guī)定指定監(jiān)護人前，被監(jiān)護人的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益處于無人保護狀態(tài)的，由被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會、法律規(guī)定的有關組織或者民政部門擔任臨時監(jiān)護人。
Once appointed, a guardian shall not be replaced without authorization; where a guardian has been replaced without authorization, the responsibility of the originally appointed guardian is not discharged.
監(jiān)護人被指定后，不得擅自變更；擅自變更的，不免除被指定的監(jiān)護人的責任。
Article 32 Where there is no person legally qualified as a guardian, the civil affairs department shall act as the guardian, and the residents’ committee or villagers’ committee in the place where the ward’s domicile is located may also act as the guardian if they are competent in performing the duties of guardian.
第三十二條??沒有依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人的，監(jiān)護人由民政部門擔任，也可以由具備履行監(jiān)護職責條件的被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會擔任。
Article 33 An adult with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts may, in anticipation of incapacity in the future, consult his close relatives, or other individuals or organizations willing to be his guardian, and appoint in writing a guardian for himself, who shall perform the duties of guardian when the adult loses all or part of the capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
第三十三條??具有完全民事行為能力的成年人，可以與其近親屬、其他愿意擔任監(jiān)護人的個人或者組織事先協(xié)商，以書面形式確定自己的監(jiān)護人，在自己喪失或者部分喪失民事行為能力時，由該監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責。
Article 34 The duties of a guardian are to represent the ward to perform civil juristic acts and to protect the personal, proprietary, and other lawful rights and interests of the ward.
第三十四條??監(jiān)護人的職責是代理被監(jiān)護人實施民事法律行為，保護被監(jiān)護人的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益等。
A guardian’s rights arising from performance of his duties as required by law are protected by law.
監(jiān)護人依法履行監(jiān)護職責產生的權利，受法律保護。
A guardian who fails to perform his duties or infringes upon the lawful rights or interests of the ward shall bear legal liability.
監(jiān)護人不履行監(jiān)護職責或者侵害被監(jiān)護人合法權益的，應當承擔法律責任。
Where a guardian is temporarily unable to perform his duties owing to an emergency such as an unexpected incident, thus leaving the ward in an unattended situation, the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the ward’s domicile is located shall make arrangement as a temporary measure to provide necessary life care for the ward.
因發(fā)生突發(fā)事件等緊急情況，監(jiān)護人暫時無法履行監(jiān)護職責，被監(jiān)護人的生活處于無人照料狀態(tài)的，被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門應當為被監(jiān)護人安排必要的臨時生活照料措施。
Article 35 A guardian shall perform his duties in the best interest of the ward. A guardian shall not dispose of the ward’s property unless it is for protecting the interests of the ward.
第三十五條??監(jiān)護人應當按照最有利于被監(jiān)護人的原則履行監(jiān)護職責。監(jiān)護人除為維護被監(jiān)護人利益外，不得處分被監(jiān)護人的財產。
When performing his duties and making decisions relating to a minor’s interests, a guardian of a minor shall respect the true will of the minor based on the latter’s age and intelligence.
未成年人的監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責，在作出與被監(jiān)護人利益有關的決定時，應當根據(jù)被監(jiān)護人的年齡和智力狀況，尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿。
When performing his duties, a guardian of an adult shall respect the true will of the adult to the greatest extent possible, and ensure and aid the ward in performing civil juristic acts appropriate to his intelligence and mental status. The guardian shall not interfere with the matters that the ward is capable of independently managing.
成年人的監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責，應當最大程度地尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿，保障并協(xié)助被監(jiān)護人實施與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為。對被監(jiān)護人有能力獨立處理的事務，監(jiān)護人不得干涉。
Article 36 Where a guardian has performed any of the following acts, the people’s court shall, upon request of a relevant individual or organization, disqualify the guardian, adopt necessary temporary measures, and appoint a new guardian in the best interest of the ward in accordance with law:
第三十六條??監(jiān)護人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根據(jù)有關個人或者組織的申請，撤銷其監(jiān)護人資格，安排必要的臨時監(jiān)護措施，并按照最有利于被監(jiān)護人的原則依法指定監(jiān)護人：
(1) engaging in any acts which severely harm the physical or mental health of the ward;
（一）實施嚴重損害被監(jiān)護人身心健康的行為；
(2) failing to perform the duties of guardian, or being unable to perform such duties but refusing to delegate all or part of the duties to others, thus placing the ward in a desperate situation; or
（二）怠于履行監(jiān)護職責，或者無法履行監(jiān)護職責且拒絕將監(jiān)護職責部分或者全部委托給他人，導致被監(jiān)護人處于危困狀態(tài)；
(3) engaging in other acts which severely infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of the ward.
（三）實施嚴重侵害被監(jiān)護人合法權益的其他行為。
The relevant individual and organization referred to in this Article include any other person legally qualified to be a guardian, the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, a school, a medical institution, the women’s federation, the disabled persons’ federation, a child protection organization, a legally established organization for senior people, the civil affairs department, and the like.
本條規(guī)定的有關個人、組織包括：其他依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人，居民委員會、村民委員會、學校、醫(yī)療機構、婦女聯(lián)合會、殘疾人聯(lián)合會、未成年人保護組織、依法設立的老年人組織、民政部門等。
Where the aforementioned individual and organization other than the civil affairs department, as stated in the preceding paragraph, fail to request the people’s court to disqualify the guardian in a timely manner, the civil affairs department shall initiate such a request to the people’s court.
前款規(guī)定的個人和民政部門以外的組織未及時向人民法院申請撤銷監(jiān)護人資格的，民政部門應當向人民法院申請。
Article 37 A parent, child, or spouse legally obligated to pay for his ward’s support shall continue to perform such obligations after being disqualified as a guardian by the people’s court.
第三十七條??依法負擔被監(jiān)護人撫養(yǎng)費、贍養(yǎng)費、扶養(yǎng)費的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤銷監(jiān)護人資格后，應當繼續(xù)履行負擔的義務。
Article 38 Where a ward’s parent or child, who has been disqualified as a guardian by the people’s court for reasons other than having committed an intentional crime against the ward, and who has truly repented and mended his ways, applies to the people’s court for being reinstated, the people’s court may, upon considering the actual situation and upon the satisfaction of the prerequisite that the true will of the ward is respected, reinstate the guardian, and the guardianship between the ward and the guardian subsequently appointed by the people’s court after the disqualification of the original guardian shall thus be terminated simultaneously.
第三十八條??被監(jiān)護人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤銷監(jiān)護人資格后，除對被監(jiān)護人實施故意犯罪的外，確有悔改表現(xiàn)的，經其申請，人民法院可以在尊重被監(jiān)護人真實意愿的前提下，視情況恢復其監(jiān)護人資格，人民法院指定的監(jiān)護人與被監(jiān)護人的監(jiān)護關系同時終止。
Article 39 A guardianship is terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第三十九條??有下列情形之一的，監(jiān)護關系終止：
(1) the ward has obtained or regained full capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（一）被監(jiān)護人取得或者恢復完全民事行為能力；
(2) the guardian has become incompetent to be a guardian;
（二）監(jiān)護人喪失監(jiān)護能力；
(3) the ward or the guardian deceases; or
（三）被監(jiān)護人或者監(jiān)護人死亡；
(4) Any other circumstance in which the people’s court determines to terminate the guardianship.
（四）人民法院認定監(jiān)護關系終止的其他情形。
Where a ward is still in need of a guardian after the termination of the guardianship, a new guardian shall be appointed in accordance with law.
監(jiān)護關系終止后，被監(jiān)護人仍然需要監(jiān)護的，應當依法另行確定監(jiān)護人。
Section 3 Declaration of A Missing Person and Declaration of Death
第三節(jié)??宣告失蹤和宣告死亡
Article 40 If a natural person’s whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested person may request the people’s court to declare the natural person as a missing person.
第四十條??自然人下落不明滿二年的，利害關系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人為失蹤人。
Article 41 The period of time during which a natural person’s whereabouts is unknown shall be counted from the date when the natural person has not been heard of ever since. If a person is missing during a war, the time of his whereabouts becoming unknown shall be counted from the date the war is ended or from the date as determined by the relevant authority.
第四十一條??自然人下落不明的時間自其失去音訊之日起計算。戰(zhàn)爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間自戰(zhàn)爭結束之日或者有關機關確定的下落不明之日起計算。
Article 42 A missing person’s property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse, adult children, parents, or any other persons willing to take such custody.
第四十二條??失蹤人的財產由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他愿意擔任財產代管人的人代管。
Where a dispute arises over the custody of a missing person’s property, or the persons provided in the preceding paragraph are unavailable or incompetent for such a purpose, the property shall be placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people’s court.
代管有爭議，沒有前款規(guī)定的人，或者前款規(guī)定的人無代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。
Article 43 A custodian shall properly manage the missing person’s property and safeguard his proprietary interests.
第四十三條??財產代管人應當妥善管理失蹤人的財產，維護其財產權益。
The taxes, debts, and other due payment obligations owed by a missing person, if any, shall be paid by the custodian out of the missing person’s property.
失蹤人所欠稅款、債務和應付的其他費用，由財產代管人從失蹤人的財產中支付。
A custodian who, intentionally or due to gross negligence, causes damage to the property of the missing person shall be liable for compensation.
財產代管人因故意或者重大過失造成失蹤人財產損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。
Article 44 Where a custodian fails to perform his duties of custodian, infringes upon the proprietary rights or interests of the missing person, or if the custodian becomes incompetent to be a custodian, an interested person of the missing person may request the people’s court to replace the custodian.
第四十四條??財產代管人不履行代管職責、侵害失蹤人財產權益或者喪失代管能力的，失蹤人的利害關系人可以向人民法院申請變更財產代管人。
A custodian may, with just cause, request the people’s court to appoint a new custodian to replace himself.
財產代管人有正當理由的，可以向人民法院申請變更財產代管人。
Where the people’s court appoints a new custodian, the new custodian is entitled to request the former custodian to deliver the relevant property and a property management report in a timely manner.
人民法院變更財產代管人的，變更后的財產代管人有權請求原財產代管人及時移交有關財產并報告財產代管情況。
Article 45 Where a missing person reappears, the people’s court shall, upon request of the said person or an interested person thereof, revoke the declaration of his being missing.
第四十五條??失蹤人重新出現(xiàn)，經本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當撤銷失蹤宣告。
A missing person who reappears is entitled to request the custodian to deliver the relevant property and a property management report in a timely manner.
失蹤人重新出現(xiàn)，有權請求財產代管人及時移交有關財產并報告財產代管情況。
Article 46 An interested person may request the people’s court to make a declaration of the death of a natural person under either of the following circumstances:
第四十六條??自然人有下列情形之一的，利害關系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人死亡：
(1) the natural person’s whereabouts have been unknown for four years; or
（一）下落不明滿四年；
(2) the natural person’s whereabouts have been unknown for two years as a result of an accident.
因意外事件，下落不明滿二年。
The two-year requirement for a natural person to be declared dead does not apply where the person’s whereabouts have been unknown as a result of an accident and if a relevant authority certifies that it is impossible for the said natural person to still be alive.
因意外事件下落不明，經有關機關證明該自然人不可能生存的，申請宣告死亡不受二年時間的限制。
Article 47 Where an interested person requests the people’s court to declare the death of a natural person, while another interested person requests to declare the person being missing, the people’s court shall declare that the person is dead if the conditions for declaration of death as prescribed in this Code are satisfied.
第四十七條??對同一自然人，有的利害關系人申請宣告死亡，有的利害關系人申請宣告失蹤，符合本法規(guī)定的宣告死亡條件的，人民法院應當宣告死亡。
Article 48 For a person declared dead, the date when the people’s court makes a judgment declaring his death is deemed as the date of his death; for a person declared dead because his whereabouts is unknown as a result of an accident, the date of the occurrence of the accident is deemed as the date of his death.
第四十八條??被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判決作出之日視為其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件發(fā)生之日視為其死亡的日期。
Article 49 The declaration of the death of a natural person who is still alive does not affect the effects of the civil juristic acts performed by the person during the period the death declaration is effective.
第四十九條??自然人被宣告死亡但是并未死亡的，不影響該自然人在被宣告死亡期間實施的民事法律行為的效力。
Article 50 Where a person declared dead reappears, the people’s court shall, upon request of the person or an interested person thereof, revoke the declaration of his death.
第五十條??被宣告死亡的人重新出現(xiàn)，經本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當撤銷死亡宣告。
Article 51 The marital relationship with a person declared dead ceases to exist from the date the declaration of his death is made. Where the declaration of death is revoked, the aforementioned marital relationship shall be automatically resumed from the date the declaration of death is revoked, except where the spouse has married to someone else or states in writing to the marriage registration authority the unwillingness to resume the marriage.
第五十一條??被宣告死亡的人的婚姻關系，自死亡宣告之日起消除。死亡宣告被撤銷的，婚姻關系自撤銷死亡宣告之日起自行恢復。但是，其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登記機關書面聲明不愿意恢復的除外。
Article 52 Where a child of a person declared dead has been legally adopted by others during the period when the declaration of death is effective, the person declared dead shall not, after the declaration of his death is revoked, claim that the adoption is invalid on the ground that his child is adopted without his consent.
第五十二條??被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期間，其子女被他人依法收養(yǎng)的，在死亡宣告被撤銷后，不得以未經本人同意為由主張收養(yǎng)行為無效。
Article 53 Where a declaration of the death of a person is revoked, the person is entitled to request those who have obtained his property under Book VI of this Code to return the property, or make appropriate compensation if the property cannot be returned.
第五十三條??被撤銷死亡宣告的人有權請求依照本法第六編取得其財產的民事主體返還財產；無法返還的，應當給予適當補償。
Where an interested person conceals the true information and causes a natural person to be declared dead so as to obtain the latter’s property, the interested person shall, in addition to returning the wrongfully obtained property, make compensation for any loss thus caused.
利害關系人隱瞞真實情況，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其財產的，除應當返還財產外，還應當對由此造成的損失承擔賠償責任。
Section 4 Individual-Run Industrial and Commercial Households and Rural-land Contractual Management Households
第四節(jié)??個體工商戶和農村承包經營戶
Article 54 A natural person who operates an industrial or commercial business may register it, in accordance with law, as an individual-run industrial and commercial household. An industrial and commercial household may have a trade name.
第五十四條??自然人從事工商業(yè)經營，經依法登記，為個體工商戶。個體工商戶可以起字號。
Article 55 Members of a rural economic collective who, in accordance with law, have been granted an original contract to operate a parcel of rural land and engages in the operation of the land on a household basis are rural-land contractual management households.
第五十五條??農村集體經濟組織的成員，依法取得農村土地承包經營權，從事家庭承包經營的，為農村承包經營戶。
Article 56 The debts of an individual-run industrial and commercial household shall be paid from the assets of the individual who operates the business in his own name or from the individual’s family assets if the business is operated in the name of the household, or, if it is impossible to determine whether the business is operated in the name of the individual or in the name of the individual’s household, from the individual’s family assets.
第五十六條??個體工商戶的債務，個人經營的，以個人財產承擔；家庭經營的，以家庭財產承擔；無法區(qū)分的，以家庭財產承擔。
The debts of a rural-land contractual management household shall be paid from the assets of the household that is engaged in the operation on the contracted rural land, or from the portion of the assets of the family members who actually engage in such operation.
農村承包經營戶的債務，以從事農村土地承包經營的農戶財產承擔；事實上由農戶部分成員經營的，以該部分成員的財產承擔。
Chapter III Legal Persons
第三章??法人
Section 1 General Rules
第一節(jié)??一般規(guī)定
Article 57 A legal person is an organization that has the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights and the capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and that independently enjoys civil-law rights and assumes civil-law obligations in accordance with law.
第五十七條??法人是具有民事權利能力和民事行為能力，依法獨立享有民事權利和承擔民事義務的組織。
Article 58 A legal person shall be established in accordance with law.
第五十八條??法人應當依法成立。
A legal person shall have its own name, governance structure, domicile, and assets or funds. The specific conditions and procedures for the establishment of a legal person shall be in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.
法人應當有自己的名稱、組織機構、住所、財產或者經費。法人成立的具體條件和程序，依照法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that the establishment of a legal person shall be subject to the approval of a relevant authority, such provisions shall be followed.
設立法人，法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定須經有關機關批準的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 59 A legal person’s capacity for enjoying civil-law rights and capacity for performing civil juristic acts are acquired when the legal person is established, and cease when the legal person is terminated.
第五十九條??法人的民事權利能力和民事行為能力，從法人成立時產生，到法人終止時消滅。
Article 60 A legal person independently assumes civil liability to the extent of all of its assets.
第六十條??法人以其全部財產獨立承擔民事責任。
Article 61 The person with the responsibility of representing a legal person in conducting civil activities in accordance with law or the legal person’s articles of association is the legal representative of the legal person.
第六十一條??依照法律或者法人章程的規(guī)定，代表法人從事民事活動的負責人，為法人的法定代表人。
The legal consequences of the civil activities conducted by the legal representative in the legal person’s name shall be assumed by the legal person.
法定代表人以法人名義從事的民事活動，其法律后果由法人承受。
Any restrictions on the legal representative’s power to represent the legal person which is stipulated in the articles of association or imposed by the governing body of the legal person shall not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
法人章程或者法人權力機構對法定代表人代表權的限制，不得對抗善意相對人。
Article 62 Where a legal representative of a legal person causes damage to others while performing his responsibilities, the civil liability thus incurred shall be assumed by the legal person.
第六十二條??法定代表人因執(zhí)行職務造成他人損害的，由法人承擔民事責任。
After assuming the aforementioned civil liability, the legal person has the right to indemnification, in accordance with law or its articles of association, against its legal representative who is at fault.
法人承擔民事責任后，依照法律或者法人章程的規(guī)定，可以向有過錯的法定代表人追償。
Article 63 The domicile of a legal person is the place where its principal administrative office is located. Where a legal person is required by law to be registered, the place of its principal administrative office shall be registered as its domicile.
第六十三條??法人以其主要辦事機構所在地為住所。依法需要辦理法人登記的，應當將主要辦事機構所在地登記為住所。
Article 64 Where there is any change in any matter that has been registered during the term of existence of a legal person, the legal person shall apply to the registration authority for modification of its registration in accordance with law.
第六十四條??法人存續(xù)期間登記事項發(fā)生變化的，應當依法向登記機關申請變更登記。
Article 65 The actual situation of a legal person, which is inconsistent with what is recorded upon registration, shall not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第六十五條??法人的實際情況與登記的事項不一致的，不得對抗善意相對人。
Article 66 The registration authority shall, in accordance with law, post in a timely manner a public notice of the information recorded by a legal person upon registration.
第六十六條??登記機關應當依法及時公示法人登記的有關信息。
Article 67 In case of a merger between or among legal persons, the rights and obligations of such legal persons shall be enjoyed and assumed by the surviving legal person.
第六十七條??法人合并的，其權利和義務由合并后的法人享有和承擔。
In case of a division of a legal person, the rights and obligations of the legal person shall be enjoyed and assumed jointly and severally by the legal persons established after division, unless otherwise agreed by its creditors and debtors.
法人分立的，其權利和義務由分立后的法人享有連帶債權，承擔連帶債務，但是債權人和債務人另有約定的除外。
Article 68 If any of the following causes exists, a legal person is terminated after it has completed liquidation and de-registration in accordance with law:
第六十八條??有下列原因之一并依法完成清算、注銷登記的，法人終止：
(1) the legal person is dissolved;
（一）法人解散；
(2) the legal person is declared bankrupt; or
（二）法人被宣告破產；
(3) another cause as provided by law exists. Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that the termination of a legal person shall be subject to the approval of the relevant authority, such provisions shall be followed.
（三）法律規(guī)定的其他原因。
Article 69 A legal person is dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
法人終止，法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定須經有關機關批準的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 69 A legal person is dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
第六十九條??有下列情形之一的，法人解散：
(1) the term stipulated in its articles of association expires, or any other cause for dissolution as is stipulated in the articles of association exists;
（一）法人章程規(guī)定的存續(xù)期間屆滿或者法人章程規(guī)定的其他解散事由出現(xiàn)；
(2) the governing body of the legal person makes a resolution to dissolve the legal person;
（二）法人的權力機構決議解散；
(3) the legal person has to be dissolved because of a merger or division;
（三）因法人合并或者分立需要解散；
(4) the legal person’s business license or registration certificate is legally withdrawn, or the legal person has received an order of closure or been dissolved; or
（四）法人依法被吊銷營業(yè)執(zhí)照、登記證書，被責令關閉或者被撤銷；
(5) another circumstance as provided by law exists.
（五）法律規(guī)定的其他情形。
Article 70 Where a legal person is dissolved for reasons other than a merger or division, a liquidation committee shall be formed in a timely manner by the persons with the duty of liquidation to liquidate the legal person.
第七十條??法人解散的，除合并或者分立的情形外，清算義務人應當及時組成清算組進行清算。
Unless otherwise provided by laws or administrative regulations, members of the legal person’s executive or decision-making body such as the directors or councilors, are the persons with the duty to liquidate the legal person.
法人的董事、理事等執(zhí)行機構或者決策機構的成員為清算義務人。法律、行政法規(guī)另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
The persons with the duty to liquidate the legal person who fail to perform their duties in time and cause damage to others shall bear civil liability; the competent authority or an interested person may request the people’s court to appoint the relevant persons to form a liquidation committee to liquidate the legal person.
清算義務人未及時履行清算義務，造成損害的，應當承擔民事責任；主管機關或者利害關系人可以申請人民法院指定有關人員組成清算組進行清算。
Article 71 The procedure for liquidating a legal person and the authorities of a liquidation committee shall be in compliance with the provisions of relevant laws; in the absence of such a provision, the relevant rules provided in corporate laws shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第七十一條??法人的清算程序和清算組職權，依照有關法律的規(guī)定；沒有規(guī)定的，參照適用公司法律的有關規(guī)定。
Article 72 During the period of liquidation, a legal person continues to exist but may not engage in any activity unrelated to the liquidation.
第七十二條??清算期間法人存續(xù)，但是不得從事與清算無關的活動。
Unless otherwise provided by law, upon completion of liquidation, any residual assets of a liquidated legal person shall be distributed in accordance with its articles of association or the resolution made by its governing body.
法人清算后的剩余財產，按照法人章程的規(guī)定或者法人權力機構的決議處理。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
A legal person is terminated after liquidation and de-registration is completed; a legal person that is not required by law to be registered ceases to exist upon completion of the liquidation.
清算結束并完成法人注銷登記時，法人終止；依法不需要辦理法人登記的，清算結束時，法人終止。
Article 73 A legal person declared bankrupt is terminated upon completion of the bankruptcy liquidation and de-registration in accordance with law.
第七十三條??法人被宣告破產的，依法進行破產清算并完成法人注銷登記時，法人終止。
Article 74 A legal person may establish branches in accordance with law. Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that such a branch shall be registered, such provisions shall be followed.
第七十四條??法人可以依法設立分支機構。法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定分支機構應當?shù)怯浀模勒掌湟?guī)定。
Where a branch of a legal person engages in civil activities in its own name, the civil liability thus incurred shall be assumed by the legal person; the civil liability may be paid first from the assets managed by the branch, and any deficiency shall be satisfied by the legal person.
分支機構以自己的名義從事民事活動，產生的民事責任由法人承擔；也可以先以該分支機構管理的財產承擔，不足以承擔的，由法人承擔。
Article 75 The legal consequences of the civil activities conducted by an incorporator for the purpose of establishing a legal person shall be assumed by the legal person; or, in the event that no legal person is successfully established, by the incorporator, or the incorporators jointly and severally if there are two or more of them.
第七十五條??設立人為設立法人從事的民事活動，其法律后果由法人承受；法人未成立的，其法律后果由設立人承受，設立人為二人以上的，享有連帶債權，承擔連帶債務。
Where an incorporator engages in civil activities in his own name for the purpose of establishing a legal person and thus incurs civil liability, a third person creditor may elect to request either the legal person or the incorporator to bear the liability.
設立人為設立法人以自己的名義從事民事活動產生的民事責任，第三人有權選擇請求法人或者設立人承擔。
Section 2 For-profit Legal Persons
第二節(jié)??營利法人
Article 76 A for-profit legal person is a legal person established for the purpose of making profits and distributing the profits among its shareholders and other capital contributors.
第七十六條??以取得利潤并分配給股東等出資人為目的成立的法人，為營利法人。
For-profit legal persons include limited liability companies, join stock companies limited by shares, and other enterprises that have the legal person status.
營利法人包括有限責任公司、股份有限公司和其他企業(yè)法人等。
Article 77 A for-profit legal person is established upon registration in accordance with law.
第七十七條??營利法人經依法登記成立。
Article 78 The registration authority shall issue a business license to a legally established for-profit legal person. The date of issuance of the business license is the date of establishment of the for-profit legal person.
第七十八條??依法設立的營利法人，由登記機關發(fā)給營利法人營業(yè)執(zhí)照。營業(yè)執(zhí)照簽發(fā)日期為營利法人的成立日期。
Article 79 To establish a for-profit legal person, there shall be articles of association formulated in accordance with law.
第七十九條??設立營利法人應當依法制定法人章程。
Article 80 A for-profit legal person shall establish a governing body.
第八十條??營利法人應當設權力機構。
The governing body has the authority to revise the articles of association of the legal person, elect or replace members of the executive or supervisory body, and perform other responsibilities stipulated in the articles of association.
權力機構行使修改法人章程，選舉或者更換執(zhí)行機構、監(jiān)督機構成員，以及法人章程規(guī)定的其他職權。
Article 81 A for-profit legal person shall establish an executive body.
第八十一條??營利法人應當設執(zhí)行機構。
The executive body has the authority to convene meetings of the governing body, decide on business and investment plans, establish internal management structure, and perform other responsibilities stipulated in the articles of association of the legal person.
執(zhí)行機構行使召集權力機構會議，決定法人的經營計劃和投資方案，決定法人內部管理機構的設置，以及法人章程規(guī)定的其他職權。
Where the executive body of a legal person is the board of directors or the executive director, the legal representative shall be the chairman of the board of directors, the executive director, or the manager, as is stipulated in the articles of association. Where there is no board of directors or executive director established, the person with principal responsibilities as stipulated in the articles of association shall be the executive body and the legal representative of the legal person.
執(zhí)行機構為董事會或者執(zhí)行董事的，董事長、執(zhí)行董事或者經理按照法人章程的規(guī)定擔任法定代表人；未設董事會或者執(zhí)行董事的，法人章程規(guī)定的主要負責人為其執(zhí)行機構和法定代表人。
Article 82 Where a for -profit legal person establishes a supervisory body such as a board of supervisors or a supervisor, the supervisory body has, in accordance with law, the authority to inspect the financial matters of the legal person, supervise the performance of duty by the members of the executive body and the senior management officers of the legal person, and perform other responsibilities stipulated in the articles of association.
第八十二條??營利法人設監(jiān)事會或者監(jiān)事等監(jiān)督機構的，監(jiān)督機構依法行使檢查法人財務，監(jiān)督執(zhí)行機構成員、高級管理人員執(zhí)行法人職務的行為，以及法人章程規(guī)定的其他職權。
Article 83 A capital contributor of a for-profit legal person shall not abuse his rights as such to harm the interests of the legal person or any other capital contributor. A capital contributor abusing such rights and causing harm to the legal person or any other capital contributor shall bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第八十三條??營利法人的出資人不得濫用出資人權利損害法人或者其他出資人的利益；濫用出資人權利造成法人或者其他出資人損失的，應當依法承擔民事責任。
A capital contributor of a for-profit legal person shall not abuse the legal person’s independent status and his own limited liability status to harm the interests of the legal person’s creditors. A capital contributor abusing the legal person’s independent status or its own limited liability status to evade repayment of debts and thus severely harming the interests of the legal person’s creditors shall be jointly and severally liable for the legal person’s obligations.
營利法人的出資人不得濫用法人獨立地位和出資人有限責任損害法人債權人的利益；濫用法人獨立地位和出資人有限責任，逃避債務，嚴重損害法人債權人的利益的，應當對法人債務承擔連帶責任。
Article 84 The controlling capital contributors, actual controllers, directors, supervisors, and senior management officers of a for-profit legal person shall not harm the legal person’s interests by taking advantage of any affiliated relations, and shall compensate for any loss thus caused to the legal person.
第八十四條??營利法人的控股出資人、實際控制人、董事、監(jiān)事、高級管理人員不得利用其關聯(lián)關系損害法人的利益；利用關聯(lián)關系造成法人損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。
Article 85 A capital contributor of a for-profit legal person may request the people’s court to revoke a resolution which is made at a meeting of the governing body or executive body of the legal person if the procedure for convening the meeting or the voting method thereof is in violation of the laws, administrative regulations, or the legal person’s articles of association, or, if the content of the resolution violates the articles of association, provided that any civil juristic relationship already formed between the legal person and a bona fide third person based on such a resolution shall not be affected.
第八十五條??營利法人的權力機構、執(zhí)行機構作出決議的會議召集程序、表決方式違反法律、行政法規(guī)、法人章程，或者決議內容違反法人章程的，營利法人的出資人可以請求人民法院撤銷該決議。但是，營利法人依據(jù)該決議與善意相對人形成的民事法律關系不受影響。
Article 86 A for-profit legal person shall, when engaging in operational activities, observe commercial ethics, maintain the security of transactions, subject itself to the supervision of the government and the public, and assume social responsibilities.
第八十六條??營利法人從事經營活動，應當遵守商業(yè)道德，維護交易安全，接受政府和社會的監(jiān)督，承擔社會責任。
Section 3 Non-profit Legal Persons
第三節(jié)??非營利法人
Article 87 A non-profit legal person is a legal person established for public welfare or other non-profit purposes which shall not distribute any profit to its capital contributors, incorporators, or members.
第八十七條??為公益目的或者其他非營利目的成立，不向出資人、設立人或者會員分配所取得利潤的法人，為非營利法人。
Non-profit legal persons include public institutions, social organizations, foundations, social service institutions, and the like.
非營利法人包括事業(yè)單位、社會團體、基金會、社會服務機構等。
Article 88 A public institution established for the purpose of providing public services to meet the needs for economic and social development attains the status of a public-institution legal person if it satisfies the requirements for being a legal person and is legally registered as such; where the law does not require such a public institution to be registered, it attains the status of a public-institution legal person from the date of its establishment.
第八十八條??具備法人條件，為適應經濟社會發(fā)展需要，提供公益服務設立的事業(yè)單位，經依法登記成立，取得事業(yè)單位法人資格；依法不需要辦理法人登記的，從成立之日起，具有事業(yè)單位法人資格。
Article 89 Where a public-institution legal person establishes a council, the council is its decision-making body unless otherwise provided by law. The legal representative of a public-institution legal person is elected in accordance with the provisions of laws, administrative regulations, or the legal person’s articles of association.
第八十九條??事業(yè)單位法人設理事會的，除法律另有規(guī)定外，理事會為其決策機構。事業(yè)單位法人的法定代表人依照法律、行政法規(guī)或者法人章程的規(guī)定產生。
Article 90 A social organization established upon the common will of its members for a non-profit purpose, such as public welfare or the common interest of all members, attains the status of a social-organization legal person if it satisfies the requirements for being a legal person and is legally registered as such. Where the law does not require such a social organization to be registered, it attains the status of a social-organization legal person from the date of its establishment.
第九十條??具備法人條件，基于會員共同意愿，為公益目的或者會員共同利益等非營利目的設立的社會團體，經依法登記成立，取得社會團體法人資格；依法不需要辦理法人登記的，從成立之日起，具有社會團體法人資格。
Article 91 To establish a social-organization legal person, there shall be articles of association formulated in accordance with law.
第九十一條??設立社會團體法人應當依法制定法人章程。
A social-organization legal person shall establish a governing body such as a members’ assembly or a meeting of the members’ representatives.
社會團體法人應當設會員大會或者會員代表大會等權力機構。
A social -organization legal person shall establish an executive body such as a council. The chairman of the council, the president, or an individual with similar responsibilities shall, in accordance with the articles of association, act as the legal representative of the legal person.
社會團體法人應當設理事會等執(zhí)行機構。理事長或者會長等負責人按照法人章程的規(guī)定擔任法定代表人。
Article 92 A foundation or a social service institution established with donated property for the purpose of public welfare attains the status of an endowed legal person if it meets the requirements for being a legal person and is legally registered as such.
第九十二條??具備法人條件，為公益目的以捐助財產設立的基金會、社會服務機構等，經依法登記成立，取得捐助法人資格。
A site legally established to hold religious activities may be registered as a legal person and attains the status of an endowed legal person if it meets the requirements for being a legal person. Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing for the religious sites, such provisions shall be followed.
依法設立的宗教活動場所，具備法人條件的，可以申請法人登記，取得捐助法人資格。法律、行政法規(guī)對宗教活動場所有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 93 To establish an endowed legal person, there shall be articles of association formulated in accordance with law.
第九十三條??設立捐助法人應當依法制定法人章程。
An endowed legal person shall establish a decision-making body such as a council or any other form of democratic management body, and an executive body. The chairman of the council or an individual with similar responsibilities shall, in accordance with the articles of association, act as the legal representative of the legal person.
捐助法人應當設理事會、民主管理組織等決策機構，并設執(zhí)行機構。理事長等負責人按照法人章程的規(guī)定擔任法定代表人。
An endowed legal person shall establish a supervisory body such as a board of supervisors.
捐助法人應當設監(jiān)事會等監(jiān)督機構。
Article 94 A donor has the right to inquire into and provide comments and suggestions on the expenditure and management of the property he has donated to an endowed legal person, and the endowed legal person shall respond honestly and in a timely manner.
第九十四條??捐助人有權向捐助法人查詢捐助財產的使用、管理情況，并提出意見和建議，捐助法人應當及時、如實答復。
Where a decision is made by the decision-making body, executive body, or the legal representative of an endowed legal person, if the decision-making procedure is in violation of the laws, administrative regulations, or the legal person’s articles of association, or, if the content of the decision violates the articles of association, a donor or any other interested person, or the competent authority may request the people’s court to revoke the decision, provided that any civil juristic relationship already formed between the endowed legal person and a bona fide third person based on such a decision shall not be affected.
捐助法人的決策機構、執(zhí)行機構或者法定代表人作出決定的程序違反法律、行政法規(guī)、法人章程，或者決定內容違反法人章程的，捐助人等利害關系人或者主管機關可以請求人民法院撤銷該決定。但是，捐助法人依據(jù)該決定與善意相對人形成的民事法律關系不受影響。
Article 95 When a non-profit legal person established for the purpose of public welfare terminates, it shall not distribute the residual assets among its capital contributors, incorporators, or members. The residual assets shall continue to be used for the purpose of public welfare, as is stipulated in the articles of association or the resolution made by the governing body; where it is not possible to dispose of such residual assets in accordance with the articles of association or the resolution made by the governing body, the competent authority shall take the charge transferring the assets to another legal person with the same or similar purposes and then make a public notice.
第九十五條??為公益目的成立的非營利法人終止時，不得向出資人、設立人或者會員分配剩余財產。剩余財產應當按照法人章程的規(guī)定或者權力機構的決議用于公益目的；無法按照法人章程的規(guī)定或者權力機構的決議處理的，由主管機關主持轉給宗旨相同或者相近的法人，并向社會公告。
Section 4 Special Legal Persons
第四節(jié)??特別法人
Article 96 For the purposes of this Section, State-organ legal persons, rural economic collective legal persons, urban and rural cooperative economic organization legal persons, and primary-level self-governing organization legal persons are special types of legal persons.
第九十六條??本節(jié)規(guī)定的機關法人、農村集體經濟組織法人、城鎮(zhèn)農村的合作經濟組織法人、基層群眾性自治組織法人，為特別法人。
Article 97 A State organ with independent budgets or a legally chartered institution assuming administrative functions is qualified as a State-organ legal person from the date of its establishment and may engage in civil activities that are necessary for the performance of its responsibilities.
第九十七條??有獨立經費的機關和承擔行政職能的法定機構從成立之日起，具有機關法人資格，可以從事為履行職能所需要的民事活動。
Article 98 A State-organ legal person terminates when the State organ is closed, and its civil-law rights and obligations are enjoyed and assumed by the succeeding State-organ legal person; in the absence of a succeeding State organ, the said rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the State-organ legal person that has made the decision to close it.
第九十八條??機關法人被撤銷的，法人終止，其民事權利和義務由繼任的機關法人享有和承擔；沒有繼任的機關法人的，由作出撤銷決定的機關法人享有和承擔。
Article 99 A rural economic collective attains the status of a legal person in accordance with law.
第九十九條??農村集體經濟組織依法取得法人資格。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing for rural economic collectives, such provisions shall be followed.
法律、行政法規(guī)對農村集體經濟組織有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 100 An urban or rural economic cooperative attains the status of a legal person in accordance with law.
第一百條??城鎮(zhèn)農村的合作經濟組織依法取得法人資格。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing for urban and rural economic cooperatives, such provisions shall be followed.
法律、行政法規(guī)對城鎮(zhèn)農村的合作經濟組織有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 101 An urban residents’ committee or a villagers’ committee, as a primary-level self-governing organization, attains the status of a legal person, and may engage in civil activities necessary for the performance of their responsibilities.
第一百零一條??居民委員會、村民委員會具有基層群眾性自治組織法人資格，可以從事為履行職能所需要的民事活動。
Where there is no village economic collective established, the villagers’ committee may, in accordance with law, perform the responsibilities of a village economic collective.
未設立村集體經濟組織的，村民委員會可以依法代行村集體經濟組織的職能。
Chapter IV Unincorporated Organizations
第四章??非法人組織
Article 102 An unincorporated organization is an organization which does not have the legal person status but may engage in civil activities in its own name in accordance with law.
第一百零二條??非法人組織是不具有法人資格，但是能夠依法以自己的名義從事民事活動的組織。
Unincorporated organizations include sole proprietorships, partnerships, professional service institutions that do not have the legal person status, and the like.
非法人組織包括個人獨資企業(yè)、合伙企業(yè)、不具有法人資格的專業(yè)服務機構等。
Article 103 Unincorporated organizations shall be registered in accordance with law.
第一百零三條??非法人組織應當依照法律的規(guī)定登記。
Where laws or administrative regulations provide that establishment of an unincorporated organization shall be subject to approval by the relevant authority, such provisions shall be followed.
設立非法人組織，法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定須經有關機關批準的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 104 Where an unincorporated organization becomes insolvent, its capital contributors or promotors shall assume unlimited liability for the debts of the organization, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百零四條??非法人組織的財產不足以清償債務的，其出資人或者設立人承擔無限責任。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 105 An unincorporated organization may designate one or more members to represent the organization to engage in civil activities.
第一百零五條??非法人組織可以確定一人或者數(shù)人代表該組織從事民事活動。
Article 106 An unincorporated organization shall be dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
第一百零六條??有下列情形之一的，非法人組織解散：
(1) where the term stipulated in its articles of association expires or any other cause for dissolution as is stipulated in the articles of association exists;
（一）章程規(guī)定的存續(xù)期間屆滿或者章程規(guī)定的其他解散事由出現(xiàn)；
(2) where its capital contributors or promotors decide to dissolve it; or
（二）出資人或者設立人決定解散；
(3) where dissolution is required under any other circumstances as provided by law.
（三）法律規(guī)定的其他情形。
Article 107 Upon dissolution, an unincorporated organization shall be liquidated in accordance with law.
第一百零七條??非法人組織解散的，應當依法進行清算。
Article 108 In addition to the provisions in this Chapter, the provisions in Section 1 of Chapter III of this Book shall be applied to unincorporated organizations mutatis mutandis.
第一百零八條??非法人組織除適用本章規(guī)定外，參照適用本編第三章第一節(jié)的有關規(guī)定。
Chapter V Civil-law Rights
第五章??民事權利
Article 109 The personal liberty and dignity of a natural person is protected by law.
第一百零九條??自然人的人身自由、人格尊嚴受法律保護。
Article 110 A natural person enjoys the right to life, the right to corporeal integrity, the right to health, the right to name, the right to likeness, the right to reputation, the right to honor, the right to privacy, and the right to freedom of marriage.
第一百一十條??自然人享有生命權、身體權、健康權、姓名權、肖像權、名譽權、榮譽權、隱私權、婚姻自主權等權利。
A legal person or an unincorporated organization enjoys the right to entity name, the right to reputation, and the right to honor.
法人、非法人組織享有名稱權、名譽權和榮譽權。
Article 111 A natural person’s personal information is protected by law. Any organization or individual that needs to access other’s personal information must do so in accordance with law and guarantee the safety of such information, and may not illegally collect, use, process, or transmit other’s personal information, or illegally trade, provide, or publicize such information.
第一百一十一條??自然人的個人信息受法律保護。任何組織或者個人需要獲取他人個人信息的，應當依法取得并確保信息安全，不得非法收集、使用、加工、傳輸他人個人信息，不得非法買賣、提供或者公開他人個人信息。
Article 112 The personal rights of a natural person arising from a marital or familial relationship are protected by law.
第一百一十二條??自然人因婚姻家庭關系等產生的人身權利受法律保護。
Article 113 The proprietary rights of the persons of the civil law are equally protected by law.
第一百一十三條??民事主體的財產權利受法律平等保護。
Article 114 Persons of the civil law enjoy real rights in accordance with law.
第一百一十四條??民事主體依法享有物權。
Real rights are the rights to directly and exclusively control a specific thing by the right holder in accordance with law, which consists of the ownership, right to usufruct, and security interests in the property.
物權是權利人依法對特定的物享有直接支配和排他的權利，包括所有權、用益物權和擔保物權。
Article 115 Property consists of immovable and movable property. Where the law provides that a right shall be treated as property over which a real right lies, such provisions shall be followed.
第一百一十五條??物包括不動產和動產。法律規(guī)定權利作為物權客體的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 116 The categories and content of the real rights are provided by law.
第一百一十六條??物權的種類和內容，由法律規(guī)定。
Article 117 Where, for the purpose of public interests, an immovable or movable property is expropriated or requisitioned according to the scope of authority and the procedure provided by law, fair and reasonable compensation shall be paid.
第一百一十七條??為了公共利益的需要，依照法律規(guī)定的權限和程序征收、征用不動產或者動產的，應當給予公平、合理的補償。
Article 118 Persons of the civil law have rights in personam in accordance with law.
第一百一十八條??民事主體依法享有債權。
A right in personam is the right of an obligee to request a specific obligor to do or not to do a certain act, as arising from a contract, a tortious act, a negotiorum gestio, or unjust enrichment, or otherwise arising by operation of law.
債權是因合同、侵權行為、無因管理、不當?shù)美约胺傻钠渌?guī)定，權利人請求特定義務人為或者不為一定行為的權利。
Article 119 A contract formed in accordance with law is legally binding on the parties to the contract.
第一百一十九條??依法成立的合同，對當事人具有法律約束力。
Article 120 Where a person’s civil-law rights and interests are infringed upon due to a tortious act, the person is entitled to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability.
第一百二十條??民事權益受到侵害的，被侵權人有權請求侵權人承擔侵權責任。
Article 121 A person who, without a statutory or contractual obligation, engages in management activities to prevent another person from suffering loss of interests, is entitled to request the said other person who receives benefit therefrom to reimburse the necessary expenses thus incurred.
第一百二十一條??沒有法定的或者約定的義務，為避免他人利益受損失而進行管理的人，有權請求受益人償還由此支出的必要費用。
Article 122 Where a person obtains unjust interests at the expense of another person’s loss without a legal cause, the person thus harmed is entitled to request the enriched person to make restitution.
第一百二十二條??因他人沒有法律根據(jù)，取得不當利益，受損失的人有權請求其返還不當利益。
Article 123 The persons of the civil law enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with law.
第一百二十三條??民事主體依法享有知識產權。
Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by the right holders in accordance with law over the following subject matters:
知識產權是權利人依法就下列客體享有的專有的權利：
(1)works;
（一）作品；
(2)inventions, new utility models, or designs;
（二）發(fā)明、實用新型、外觀設計；
(3)trademarks;
（三）商標；
(4)geographical indications;
（四）地理標志；
(5)trade secrets;
（五）商業(yè)秘密；
(6)layout designs of integrated circuits;
（六）集成電路布圖設計；
(7)new plant varieties; and
（七）植物新品種；
(8)the other subject matters as provided by law.
（八）法律規(guī)定的其他客體。
Article 124 A natural person has the right to succession in accordance with law.
第一百二十四條??自然人依法享有繼承權。
Private property lawfully owned by a natural person may be transferred through inheritance in accordance with law.
自然人合法的私有財產，可以依法繼承。
Article 125 The persons of the civil law enjoy shareholder rights and other investor rights in accordance with law.
第一百二十五條??民事主體依法享有股權和其他投資性權利。
Article 126 The persons of the civil law enjoy other civil-law rights and interests as provided by law.
第一百二十六條??民事主體享有法律規(guī)定的其他民事權利和利益。
Article 127 Where there are laws particularly providing for the protection of data and online virtual assets, such provisions shall be followed.
第一百二十七條??法律對數(shù)據(jù)、網(wǎng)絡虛擬財產的保護有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 128 Where there are laws particularly providing for the protection of the civil-law rights of the minors, the elderly, the disabled, women, or the consumers, such provisions shall be followed.
第一百二十八條??法律對未成年人、老年人、殘疾人、婦女、消費者等的民事權利保護有特別規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 129 Civil-law rights may be acquired through the performance of a civil juristic act, the occurrence of an act de facto, the occurrence of an event as prescribed by law, or by other means provided by law.
第一百二十九條??民事權利可以依據(jù)民事法律行為、事實行為、法律規(guī)定的事件或者法律規(guī)定的其他方式取得。
Article 130 The persons of the civil law enjoy their civil-law rights according to their own will and in accordance with law free from any interference.
第一百三十條??民事主體按照自己的意愿依法行使民事權利，不受干涉。
Article 131 While exercising civil-law rights, the persons of the civil law shall perform their obligations which are provided by law and agreed with the other parties.
第一百三十一條??民事主體行使權利時，應當履行法律規(guī)定的和當事人約定的義務。
Article 132 No person of the civil law shall abuse his civil-law rights and harm the interests of the state, the public interests, or the lawful rights and interests of others.
第一百三十二條??民事主體不得濫用民事權利損害國家利益、社會公共利益或者他人合法權益。
Chapter VI Civil Juristic Acts
第六章??民事法律行為
Section 1 General Rules
第一節(jié)??一般規(guī)定
Article 133 A civil juristic act is an act through which a person of the civil law, by expression of intent, creates, alters, or terminates a civil juristic relationship.
第一百三十三條??民事法律行為是民事主體通過意思表示設立、變更、終止民事法律關系的行為。
Article 134 A civil juristic act may be accomplished through unanimous consent of two or more parties, or through one party’s unilateral expression of intent.
第一百三十四條??民事法律行為可以基于雙方或者多方的意思表示一致成立，也可以基于單方的意思表示成立。
Where a legal person or an unincorporated organization makes a resolution in accordance with the procedure and voting method provided by law or stipulated in its articles of association, such a resolution is accomplished as a civil juristic act.
法人、非法人組織依照法律或者章程規(guī)定的議事方式和表決程序作出決議的，該決議行為成立。
Article 135 A civil juristic act may be done in writing, orally, or in any other form; where a specific form is required by laws or administrative regulations, or agreed by the parties, it shall be done in such a form.
第一百三十五條??民事法律行為可以采用書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式；法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定或者當事人約定采用特定形式的，應當采用特定形式。
Article 136 Unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, a civil juristic act takes effect at the time it is accomplished.
第一百三十六條??民事法律行為自成立時生效，但是法律另有規(guī)定或者當事人另有約定的除外。
A person that performs a civil juristic act may not change or revoke the act without authorization, unless doing so is in compliance with law or as consented to by the other party.
行為人非依法律規(guī)定或者未經對方同意，不得擅自變更或者解除民事法律行為。
Section 2 Expression of Intent
第二節(jié)??意思表示
Article 137 An expression of intent made in a real-time communication becomes effective from the time the person to whom the intent is expressed is aware of its content.
第一百三十七條??以對話方式作出的意思表示，相對人知道其內容時生效。
An expression of intent made in a form other than a real-time communication becomes effective from the time it reaches the person to whom the intent is expressed. Where such an expression of intent is made through an electronic data message and the person to whom the intent is expressed has designated a specific data-receiving system, it becomes effective from the time such a data message enters that system; where no data-receiving system is specifically designated, it becomes effective from the time the person to whom the intent is expressed knows or should have known that the data message has entered the system. Where the parties have agreed otherwise on the effective time of the expression of intent made in the form of an electronic data message, such an agreement shall prevail.
以非對話方式作出的意思表示，到達相對人時生效。以非對話方式作出的采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式的意思表示，相對人指定特定系統(tǒng)接收數(shù)據(jù)電文的，該數(shù)據(jù)電文進入該特定系統(tǒng)時生效；未指定特定系統(tǒng)的，相對人知道或者應當知道該數(shù)據(jù)電文進入其系統(tǒng)時生效。當事人對采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式的意思表示的生效時間另有約定的，按照其約定。
Article 138 Where an expression of intent is not made to any specific person, it becomes effective when the expression is completed, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百三十八條??無相對人的意思表示，表示完成時生效。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Article 139 An expression of intent made through public notice becomes effective upon the time the public notice is posted.
第一百三十九條??以公告方式作出的意思表示，公告發(fā)布時生效。
Article 140 A person performing a civil juristic act may make an expression of intent either expressly or implicitly.
第一百四十條??行為人可以明示或者默示作出意思表示。
Silence is deemed as an expression of intent only when it is so provided by law, agreed by the parties, or accords with the course of dealing between the parties.
沉默只有在有法律規(guī)定、當事人約定或者符合當事人之間的交易習慣時，才可以視為意思表示。
Article 141 A person performing a civil juristic act may withdraw an expression of intent. The notice of withdrawal of the expression of intent shall reach the counterparty prior to or at the same time with the counterparty’s receipt of the expression of intent.
第一百四十一條??行為人可以撤回意思表示。撤回意思表示的通知應當在意思表示到達相對人前或者與意思表示同時到達相對人。
Article 142 Where an expression of intent is made to another person, the meaning of the expression shall be interpreted according to the words and sentences used, with reference to the relevant terms, the nature and purpose of the civil juristic act, the custom, and the principle of good faith.
第一百四十二條??有相對人的意思表示的解釋，應當按照所使用的詞句，結合相關條款、行為的性質和目的、習慣以及誠信原則，確定意思表示的含義。
Where an expression of intent is not made to any specific person, the true intent of the person performing a civil juristic act shall not be interpreted solely on the words and sentences used, but along with the relevant terms, the nature and purpose of the civil juristic act, custom, and the principle of good faith.
無相對人的意思表示的解釋，不能完全拘泥于所使用的詞句，而應當結合相關條款、行為的性質和目的、習慣以及誠信原則，確定行為人的真實意思。
Section 3 Effect of a Civil Juristic Act
第三節(jié)??民事法律行為的效力
Article 143 A civil juristic act is valid if the following conditions are satisfied:
第一百四十三條??具備下列條件的民事法律行為有效：
(1) the person performing the act has the required capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（一）行為人具有相應的民事行為能力；
(2) the intent expressed by the person is true; and
（二）意思表示真實；
(3) the act does not violate any mandatory provisions of laws or administrative regulations, nor offend public order or good morals.
（三）不違反法律、行政法規(guī)的強制性規(guī)定，不違背公序良俗。
Article 144 A civil juristic act performed by a person who has no capacity for performing civil juristic acts is void.
第一百四十四條??無民事行為能力人實施的民事法律行為無效。
Article 145 A civil juristic act, performed by a person with limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts that is purely beneficial to the person or is appropriate to the age, intelligence, or mental status of the person is valid; any other civil juristic act performed by such a person is valid if a consent or ratification is obtained from his legal representative.
第一百四十五條??限制民事行為能力人實施的純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為有效；實施的其他民事法律行為經法定代理人同意或者追認后有效。
A third person involved in the act performed by a person with limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts may request the legal representative of the latter to ratify the act within 30 days from receipt of the notification. Inaction of the legal representative is deemed as refusal of ratification. Before such an act is ratified, a bona fide third person is entitled to revoke the act. The Revocation shall be made by notice.
相對人可以催告法定代理人自收到通知之日起三十日內予以追認。法定代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認。民事法律行為被追認前，善意相對人有撤銷的權利。撤銷應當以通知的方式作出。
Article 146 A civil juristic act performed by a person and another person based on a false expression of intent is void.
第一百四十六條??行為人與相對人以虛假的意思表示實施的民事法律行為無效。
Where an expression of intent deliberately conceals a civil juristic act, the validity of the concealed act shall be determined in accordance with the relevant laws.
以虛假的意思表示隱藏的民事法律行為的效力，依照有關法律規(guī)定處理。
Article 147 Where a civil juristic act is performed based on serious misunderstanding, the person who performs the act has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.
第一百四十七條??基于重大誤解實施的民事法律行為，行為人有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。
Article 148 Where a party by fraudulent means induces the other party to perform a civil juristic act against the latter’s true intention, the defrauded party has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.
第一百四十八條??一方以欺詐手段，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下實施的民事法律行為，受欺詐方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。
Article 149 Where a party knows or should have known that a civil juristic act performed by the other party is based on a third person’s fraudulent act and is against the other party’s true intention, the defrauded party has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the civil juristic act.
第一百四十九條??第三人實施欺詐行為，使一方在違背真實意思的情況下實施的民事法律行為，對方知道或者應當知道該欺詐行為的，受欺詐方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。
Article 150 Where a party performs a civil juristic act against its true intention owing to duress of the other party or a third person, the coerced party has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the civil juristic act.
第一百五十條??一方或者第三人以脅迫手段，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下實施的民事法律行為，受脅迫方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。
Article 151 In situations such as where one party takes advantage of the other party that is in a desperate situation or lacks the ability of making judgment, and as a result the civil juristic act thus performed is obviously unfair, the damaged party is entitled to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.
第一百五十一條??一方利用對方處于危困狀態(tài)、缺乏判斷能力等情形，致使民事法律行為成立時顯失公平的，受損害方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。
Article 152 A party’s right to revoke a civil juristic act is extinguished under any of the following circumstances:
第一百五十二條??有下列情形之一的，撤銷權消滅：
(1) the party has failed to exercise the right to revocation within one year from the date when it knows or should have known of the cause for revocation, or within 90 days from the date when the party who has performed the act with serious misunderstanding knows or should have known of the cause for revocation;
（一）當事人自知道或者應當知道撤銷事由之日起一年內、重大誤解的當事人自知道或者應當知道撤銷事由之日起九十日內沒有行使撤銷權；
(2) the party acting under duress has failed to exercise the right to revocation within one year from the date when the duress ceases; or
（二）當事人受脅迫，自脅迫行為終止之日起一年內沒有行使撤銷權；
(3) the party who becomes aware of the cause for revocation waives the right to revocation expressly or through its own conduct.
（三）當事人知道撤銷事由后明確表示或者以自己的行為表明放棄撤銷權。
The right to revocation is extinguished if the party fails to exercise it within five years from the date when the civil juristic act has been performed.
當事人自民事法律行為發(fā)生之日起五年內沒有行使撤銷權的，撤銷權消滅。
Article 153 A civil juristic act in violation of the mandatory provisions of laws or administrative regulations is void, unless such mandatory provisions do not lead to invalidity of such a civil juristic act.
第一百五十三條??違反法律、行政法規(guī)的強制性規(guī)定的民事法律行為無效。但是，該強制性規(guī)定不導致該民事法律行為無效的除外。
A civil juristic act that offends the public order or good morals is void.
違背公序良俗的民事法律行為無效。
Article 154 A civil juristic act is void if it is conducted through malicious collusion between a person who performs the act and a counterparty thereof and thus harms the lawful rights and interests of another person.
第一百五十四條??行為人與相對人惡意串通，損害他人合法權益的民事法律行為無效。
Article 155 A void or revoked civil juristic act does not have any legal force ab initio.
第一百五十五條??無效的或者被撤銷的民事法律行為自始沒有法律約束力。
Article 156 If invalidation of a part of a civil juristic act does not affect the validity of the other part, the other part of the act remains valid.
第一百五十六條??民事法律行為部分無效，不影響其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。
Article 157 Where a civil juristic act is void, revoked, or is determined to have no legal effect, the property thus obtained by a person as a result of the act shall be returned, or compensation be made based on the appraised value of the property if it is impossible or unnecessary to return the property. Unless otherwise provided by law, the loss thus incurred upon the other party shall be compensated by the party at fault, or, if both parties are at fault, by the parties proportionally.
第一百五十七條??民事法律行為無效、被撤銷或者確定不發(fā)生效力后，行為人因該行為取得的財產，應當予以返還；不能返還或者沒有必要返還的，應當折價補償。有過錯的一方應當賠償對方由此所受到的損失；各方都有過錯的，應當各自承擔相應的責任。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Section 4 A Civil Juristic Act Subject to a Condition or a Term
第四節(jié)??民事法律行為的附條件和附期限
Article 158 A condition may be attached to a civil juristic act unless the nature of the act denies such an attachment. A civil juristic act subject to a condition precedent becomes effective when the condition is fulfilled. A civil juristic act subject to a condition subsequent becomes invalid when the condition is fulfilled.
第一百五十八條??民事法律行為可以附條件，但是根據(jù)其性質不得附條件的除外。附生效條件的民事法律行為，自條件成就時生效。附解除條件的民事法律行為，自條件成就時失效。
Article 159 Where a condition is attached to a civil juristic act, if a party, for the sake of its own interests, improperly obstructs the fulfillment of the condition, the condition is deemed as having been fulfilled; if a party improperly facilitates the fulfillment of the condition, the condition is deemed as not having been fulfilled.
第一百五十九條??附條件的民事法律行為，當事人為自己的利益不正當?shù)刈柚箺l件成就的，視為條件已經成就；不正當?shù)卮俪蓷l件成就的，視為條件不成就。
Article 160 A term may be attached to a civil juristic act, unless the nature of such act denies such an attachment. A civil juristic act subject to a term of effectiveness becomes effective when the term begins. A civil juristic act subject to a term of termination becomes ineffective upon expiration of the term.
第一百六十條??民事法律行為可以附期限，但是根據(jù)其性質不得附期限的除外。附生效期限的民事法律行為，自期限屆至時生效。附終止期限的民事法律行為，自期限屆滿時失效。
Chapter VII Agency
第七章??代理
Section 1 General Rules
第一節(jié)??一般規(guī)定
Article 161 A person of the civil law may perform a civil juristic act through his agent.
第一百六十一條??民事主體可以通過代理人實施民事法律行為。
A civil juristic act shall not be performed through an agent if the act must be performed by the principal himself in accordance with law, as agreed by the parties, or based on the nature of the act.
依照法律規(guī)定、當事人約定或者民事法律行為的性質，應當由本人親自實施的民事法律行為，不得代理。
Article 162 A civil juristic act performed by an agent in the principal’s name within the scope of authority is binding on the principal.
第一百六十二條??代理人在代理權限內，以被代理人名義實施的民事法律行為，對被代理人發(fā)生效力。
Article 163 Agency consists of agency by agreement and agency by operation of law.
第一百六十三條??代理包括委托代理和法定代理。
An agent under agreement shall act in accordance with the principal’s authorization. An agent by operation of law shall act in accordance with law.
委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理權。法定代理人依照法律的規(guī)定行使代理權。
Article 164 An agent who fails to perform or fully perform his duty and thus causes harm to the principal shall bear civil liability.
第一百六十四條??代理人不履行或者不完全履行職責，造成被代理人損害的，應當承擔民事責任。
Where an agent maliciously collides with a third person, thus harming the lawful rights and interests of the principal, the agent and the third person shall bear joint and several liability.
代理人和相對人惡意串通，損害被代理人合法權益的，代理人和相對人應當承擔連帶責任。
Section 2 Agency by Agreement
第二節(jié)??委托代理
Article 165 In an agency by agreement, if authority is conferred in writing, it shall clearly state in the letter of authorization the name of the agent, the authorized matters, as well as the scope and duration of the authority, and it shall be signed or sealed by the principal.
第一百六十五條??委托代理授權采用書面形式的，授權委托書應當載明代理人的姓名或者名稱、代理事項、權限和期限，并由被代理人簽名或者蓋章。
Article 166 Where two or more agents are authorized to deal with the same matter for the principal, the agents shall collectively exercise the authority unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第一百六十六條??數(shù)人為同一代理事項的代理人的，應當共同行使代理權，但是當事人另有約定的除外。
Article 167 Where an agent knows or should have known that doing the authorized matter is in violation of law but still acts as authorized, or, if a principal knows or should have known that an act of the agent is in violation of law but raises no objection thereto, the principal and the agent shall bear joint and several liability.
第一百六十七條??代理人知道或者應當知道代理事項違法仍然實施代理行為，或者被代理人知道或者應當知道代理人的代理行為違法未作反對表示的，被代理人和代理人應當承擔連帶責任。
Article 168 An agent shall not, in the principal’s name, perform a civil juristic act with himself, unless it is consented to or ratified by the principal.
第一百六十八條??代理人不得以被代理人的名義與自己實施民事法律行為，但是被代理人同意或者追認的除外。
An agent who has been designated by two or more principals shall not in the name of one principal perform a civil juristic act with another principal whom he concurrently represents, unless it is consented to or ratified by both principals.
代理人不得以被代理人的名義與自己同時代理的其他人實施民事法律行為，但是被代理的雙方同意或者追認的除外。
Article 169 Where an agent needs to re-delegate his authority to a third person, he shall obtain consent or ratification from the principal.
第一百六十九條??代理人需要轉委托第三人代理的，應當取得被代理人的同意或者追認。
If the re-delegation of authority to a third person is consented to or ratified by the principal, the principal may directly instruct the third person to do the authorized task, and the agent shall be liable only for the selection of such a third person and the instructions given to the third person by the agent himself.
轉委托代理經被代理人同意或者追認的，被代理人可以就代理事務直接指示轉委托的第三人，代理人僅就第三人的選任以及對第三人的指示承擔責任。
If re-delegation of authority to a third person is not consented to or ratified by the principal, the agent shall be liable for the acts performed by the third person, unless the agent re-delegates his authority to a third person in an emergency situation in order to protect the interests of the principal.
轉委托代理未經被代理人同意或者追認的，代理人應當對轉委托的第三人的行為承擔責任；但是，在緊急情況下代理人為了維護被代理人的利益需要轉委托第三人代理的除外。
Article 170 A civil juristic act performed by a person for fulfilling his responsibilities assigned by a legal person or an unincorporated organization, within the scope of authority and in the name of the legal person or the unincorporated organization, is binding on the legal person or unincorporated organization.
第一百七十條??執(zhí)行法人或者非法人組織工作任務的人員，就其職權范圍內的事項，以法人或者非法人組織的名義實施的民事法律行為，對法人或者非法人組織發(fā)生效力。
Restrictions imposed by a legal person or an unincorporated organization on the scope of authority of a person who performs the responsibilities assigned by the legal person or unincorporated organization are not effective against a bona fide third person.
法人或者非法人組織對執(zhí)行其工作任務的人員職權范圍的限制，不得對抗善意相對人。
Article 171 An act performed by a person without authority, beyond the authority, or after the authority is terminated is not effective against the principal who has not ratified it.
第一百七十一條??行為人沒有代理權、超越代理權或者代理權終止后，仍然實施代理行為，未經被代理人追認的，對被代理人不發(fā)生效力。
A counterparty may urge the principal to ratify such an act within 30 days after receipt of the notification. Inaction of the principal is deemed as a refusal of ratification. Before such an act is ratified, a bona fide counterparty has the right to revoke the act. Revocation shall be made by notice.
相對人可以催告被代理人自收到通知之日起三十日內予以追認。被代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認。行為人實施的行為被追認前，善意相對人有撤銷的權利。撤銷應當以通知的方式作出。
Where the aforementioned act is not ratified, a bona fide counterparty has the right to request the person who has performed the act to fulfill the obligations or compensate for the loss thus incurred, provided that the amount of compensation shall not exceed the amount of benefit the counterparty would have received had the principal ratified the act.
行為人實施的行為未被追認的，善意相對人有權請求行為人履行債務或者就其受到的損害請求行為人賠償。但是，賠償?shù)姆秶坏贸^被代理人追認時相對人所能獲得的利益。
Where a counterparty knows or should have known that the person performing the act has no authority, the counterparty and the said person shall bear the liability in proportion to their fault.
相對人知道或者應當知道行為人無權代理的，相對人和行為人按照各自的過錯承擔責任。
Article 172 An act performed by a person without authority, beyond the authority, or after the authority is terminated is effective if the counterparty has reasons to believe that the said person has authority.
第一百七十二條??行為人沒有代理權、超越代理權或者代理權終止后，仍然實施代理行為，相對人有理由相信行為人有代理權的，代理行為有效。
Section 3 Termination of Agency
第三節(jié)??代理終止
Article 173 An agency by agreement is terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第一百七十三條??有下列情形之一的，委托代理終止：
(1) the term of agency expires or the authorized tasks have been completed;
（一）代理期限屆滿或者代理事務完成；
(2) the principal revokes the agency or the agent resigns;
（二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辭去委托；
(3) the agent loses his capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（三）代理人喪失民事行為能力；
(4) the agent or the principal deceases; or
（四）代理人或者被代理人死亡；
(5) the legal person or unincorporated organization who is the agent or the principal is terminated.
（五）作為代理人或者被代理人的法人、非法人組織終止。
Article 174 An act performed by an agent under agreement after the principal deceases remains valid under any of the following circumstances:
第一百七十四條??被代理人死亡后，有下列情形之一的，委托代理人實施的代理行為有效：
(1) the agent does not know or should not have known of the death of the principal;
（一）代理人不知道且不應當知道被代理人死亡；
(2) the act is ratified by the heirs of the principal;
（二）被代理人的繼承人予以承認；
(3) it is clearly stated in the letter of authorization that the agency ceases only upon completion of the authorized tasks; or
（三）授權中明確代理權在代理事務完成時終止；
(4) the agent has started the act before the principal deceases and continues to act in the interests of the heirs of the principal.
（四）被代理人死亡前已經實施，為了被代理人的繼承人的利益繼續(xù)代理。
The preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis where the principal who is a legal person or an unincorporated organization is terminated.
作為被代理人的法人、非法人組織終止的，參照適用前款規(guī)定。
Article 175 An agency by operation of law is terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第一百七十五條??有下列情形之一的，法定代理終止：
(1) the principal obtains or regains full capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（一）被代理人取得或者恢復完全民事行為能力；
(2) the agent loses the capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（二）代理人喪失民事行為能力；
(3) the agent or the principal deceases; or
（三）代理人或者被代理人死亡；
(4) any other circumstance as provided by law exists.
（四）法律規(guī)定的其他情形。
Chapter VIII Civil Liability
第八章??民事責任
Article 176 The persons of the civil law shall perform civil-law obligations and bear civil liability in accordance with law or the agreement of the parties.
第一百七十六條??民事主體依照法律規(guī)定或者按照當事人約定，履行民事義務，承擔民事責任。
Article 177 Where two or more persons assume shared liability in accordance with law, each person shall bear the liability in proportion to their respective share of fault if such share can be determined, or in equal share if such share cannot be determined.
第一百七十七條??二人以上依法承擔按份責任，能夠確定責任大小的，各自承擔相應的責任；難以確定責任大小的，平均承擔責任。
Article 178 Where two or more persons assume joint and several liability in accordance with law, the right holder has the right to request some or all of them to bear the liability.
第一百七十八條??二人以上依法承擔連帶責任的，權利人有權請求部分或者全部連帶責任人承擔責任。
The persons subjected to joint and several liability shall each bear the liability in proportion to their respective share of fault, or in equal share if such share cannot be determined. A person who has assumed the liability more than his share of fault has the right to contribution against the other person(s) subjected to the joint and several liability.
連帶責任人的責任份額根據(jù)各自責任大小確定；難以確定責任大小的，平均承擔責任。實際承擔責任超過自己責任份額的連帶責任人，有權向其他連帶責任人追償。
Joint and several liability shall be either imposed by law or stipulated in the agreement of the parties.
連帶責任，由法律規(guī)定或者當事人約定。
Article 179 The main forms of civil liability include:
第一百七十九條??承擔民事責任的方式主要有：
(1) cessation of the infringement;
（一）停止侵害；
(2) removal of the nuisance;
（二）排除妨礙；
(3) elimination of the danger;
（三）消除危險；
(4) restitution;
（四）返還財產；
(5) restoration;
（五）恢復原狀；
(6) repair, redoing or replacement;
（六）修理、重作、更換；
(7) continuance of performance;
（七）繼續(xù)履行；
(8) compensation for losses;
（八）賠償損失；
(9) payment of liquidated damages;
（九）支付違約金；
(10) elimination of adverse effects and rehabilitation of reputation; and
（十）消除影響、恢復名譽；
(11) extension of apologies.
（十一）賠禮道歉。
Where punitive damages are provided by law, such provisions shall be followed.
法律規(guī)定懲罰性賠償?shù)模勒掌湟?guī)定。
The forms of civil liability provided in this Article may be applied separately or concurrently.
本條規(guī)定的承擔民事責任的方式，可以單獨適用，也可以合并適用。
Article 180 A person who is unable to perform his civil-law obligations due to force majeure bears no civil liability, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百八十條??因不可抗力不能履行民事義務的，不承擔民事責任。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
“Force majeure” means objective conditions which are unforeseeable, unavoidable, and insurmountable.
不可抗力是不能預見、不能避免且不能克服的客觀情況。
Article 181 A person who causes harm to the tortfeasor out of a justifiable defense bears no civil liability.
第一百八十一條??因正當防衛(wèi)造成損害的，不承擔民事責任。
A person who, when acting out of justifiable defense, exceeds the necessary limit and thus causes undue harm to the tortfeasor shall bear appropriate civil liability.
正當防衛(wèi)超過必要的限度，造成不應有的損害的，正當防衛(wèi)人應當承擔適當?shù)拿袷仑熑巍?/span>
Article 182 Where a person, when seeking to avoid a peril in response to an emergency, causes harm to others, the person who creates the peril shall bear civil liability.
第一百八十二條??因緊急避險造成損害的，由引起險情發(fā)生的人承擔民事責任。
Where the peril is caused by natural forces, the person who causes harm to others by seeking to avoid the peril bears no civil liability, provided that he may make appropriate compensation.
危險由自然原因引起的，緊急避險人不承擔民事責任，可以給予適當補償。
Where the measures adopted by a person seeking to avoid a peril in response to an emergency are improper or exceed the necessary limit and thus cause undue harm to others, the person shall bear appropriate civil liability.
緊急避險采取措施不當或者超過必要的限度，造成不應有的損害的，緊急避險人應當承擔適當?shù)拿袷仑熑巍?/span>
Article 183 Where a party is injured for protecting the civil-law rights and interests of another person, the tortfeasor shall bear civil liability, and the beneficiary may make appropriate compensation to the injured person. In the absence of a tortfeasor, or if the tortfeasor flees or is incapable of assuming civil liability, upon request of the injured person, the beneficiary shall make appropriate compensation.
第一百八十三條??因保護他人民事權益使自己受到損害的，由侵權人承擔民事責任，受益人可以給予適當補償。沒有侵權人、侵權人逃逸或者無力承擔民事責任，受害人請求補償?shù)模芤嫒藨斀o予適當補償。
Article 184 A person who voluntarily engages in rescuing another person in an emergency situation and thus causes harm to the latter person bears no civil liability.
第一百八十四條??因自愿實施緊急救助行為造成受助人損害的，救助人不承擔民事責任。
Article 185 A person who infringes upon the name, likeness, reputation, or honor of a hero or a martyr and thus harms the social public interests shall bear civil liability.
第一百八十五條??侵害英雄烈士等的姓名、肖像、名譽、榮譽，損害社會公共利益的，應當承擔民事責任。
Article 186 Where a party’s breach of contract causes harm to the other party’s personal or proprietary rights and interests, the latter party may elect to request the former to bear liability either for breach of contract or for commission of tort.
第一百八十六條??因當事人一方的違約行為，損害對方人身權益、財產權益的，受損害方有權選擇請求其承擔違約責任或者侵權責任。
Article 187 Where a person of the civil law has to concurrently bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities as a result of the same act performed by him, the assumption of administrative or criminal liabilities by the person shall not affect the civil liability he should bear. If the assets of the person are insufficient to pay for all the liabilities, the civil liability shall be paid first.
第一百八十七條??民事主體因同一行為應當承擔民事責任、行政責任和刑事責任的，承擔行政責任或者刑事責任不影響承擔民事責任；民事主體的財產不足以支付的，優(yōu)先用于承擔民事責任。
Chapter IX Limitation of Action
第九章??訴訟時效
Article 188 The limitation period for a person to request the people’s court to protect his civil-law rights is three years, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百八十八條??向人民法院請求保護民事權利的訴訟時效期間為三年。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。
Unless otherwise provided by law, the limitation period begins from the date when the right holder knows or should have known that his right has been harmed and that who is the obligor. However, no protection to a right is to be granted by the people’s court if 20 years have lapsed since the date when the injury occurs, except that the people’s court may, upon request of the right holder, extend the limitation period under special circumstances.
訴訟時效期間自權利人知道或者應當知道權利受到損害以及義務人之日起計算。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。但是，自權利受到損害之日起超過二十年的，人民法院不予保護，有特殊情況的，人民法院可以根據(jù)權利人的申請決定延長。
Article 189 Where the parties agree on payment of a debt by installment, the limitation period begins from the date when the last installment is due.
第一百八十九條??當事人約定同一債務分期履行的，訴訟時效期間自最后一期履行期限屆滿之日起計算。
Article 190 The limitation period for a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts to bring a claim against his legal representative begins from the date when the agency by operation of law is terminated.
第一百九十條??無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人對其法定代理人的請求權的訴訟時效期間，自該法定代理終止之日起計算。
Article 191 The limitation period for a minor to bring a sexual molestation claim against the offender begins from the date when the minor reaches the age of 18.
第一百九十一條??未成年人遭受性侵害的損害賠償請求權的訴訟時效期間，自受害人年滿十八周歲之日起計算。
Article 192 Expiration of the limitation period may be used by an obligor as a defense against a claim of non-performance.
第一百九十二條??訴訟時效期間屆滿的，義務人可以提出不履行義務的抗辯。
An obligor who agrees to perform a prior obligation after the limitation period expires may not later on use the expiration of the limitation period as a defense, and an obligor who has voluntarily performed such a prior obligation may not later on demand for restitution.
訴訟時效期間屆滿后，義務人同意履行的，不得以訴訟時效期間屆滿為由抗辯；義務人已經自愿履行的，不得請求返還。
Article 193 The people’s court shall not apply the provisions on limitation periods on its own initiative.
第一百九十三條??人民法院不得主動適用訴訟時效的規(guī)定。
Article 194 The limitation period is suspended if, within the last six months of the limitation period, a right holder is unable to exercise the right to claim owing to the existence of one of the following obstacles:
第一百九十四條??在訴訟時效期間的最后六個月內，因下列障礙，不能行使請求權的，訴訟時效中止：
(1) where there is force majeure;
（一）不可抗力；
(2) where the right holder with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts has no legal representative, or his legal representative deceases or loses the capacity for performing civil juristic acts or the right to representation;
（二）無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人沒有法定代理人，或者法定代理人死亡、喪失民事行為能力、喪失代理權；
(3) where no heir or administrator of estate has been determined after the opening of succession;
（三）繼承開始后未確定繼承人或者遺產管理人；
(4) where the right holder is controlled by the obligor or another person; or
（四）權利人被義務人或者其他人控制；
(5) where there are other obstacles that cause the right holder unable to exercise the right to claim.
（五）其他導致權利人不能行使請求權的障礙。
The limitation period shall expire six months after the date when the cause for suspension is removed.
自中止時效的原因消除之日起滿六個月，訴訟時效期間屆滿。
Article 195 A limitation period is interrupted under any of the following circumstances, and the limitation period shall run anew from the time of interruption or the time when the relevant proceeding is completed:
第一百九十五條??有下列情形之一的，訴訟時效中斷，從中斷、有關程序終結時起，訴訟時效期間重新計算：
(1) the right holder requests the obligor to perform the obligation;
（一）權利人向義務人提出履行請求；
(2) the obligor agrees to perform the obligation;
（二）義務人同意履行義務；
(3) the right holder initiates a lawsuit or arbitration proceeding against the obligor; or
（三）權利人提起訴訟或者申請仲裁；
(4) there exists any other circumstance that has the same effect as initiating a lawsuit or arbitration proceeding by the right holder.
（四）與提起訴訟或者申請仲裁具有同等效力的其他情形。
Article 196 The limitation period does not apply to the following rights to claim:
第一百九十六條??下列請求權不適用訴訟時效的規(guī)定：
(1) a claim for cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, or elimination of the danger;
（一）請求停止侵害、排除妨礙、消除危險；
(2) a claim for return of property of a person who has a real right in an immovable or a registered movable property;
（二）不動產物權和登記的動產物權的權利人請求返還財產；
(3) a claim for payment of child support or support for other family members; or
（三）請求支付撫養(yǎng)費、贍養(yǎng)費或者扶養(yǎng)費；
(4) any other claims to which the limitation period is not applicable in accordance with law.
（四）依法不適用訴訟時效的其他請求權。
Article 197 The time period, counting methods, and the grounds for suspension and interruption of the limitation period are provided by law, and any arrangement otherwise agreed by the parties is void.
第一百九十七條??訴訟時效的期間、計算方法以及中止、中斷的事由由法律規(guī)定，當事人約定無效。
An anticipatory waiver of one’s interests in the limitation period made by the parties is void.
當事人對訴訟時效利益的預先放棄無效。
Article 198 Any provisions of law regulating the limitation period for arbitration shall be followed; in the absence of such provisions, the provisions on limitation period for litigation provided herein shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第一百九十八條??法律對仲裁時效有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定；沒有規(guī)定的，適用訴訟時效的規(guī)定。
Article 199 The time period within which a right holder may exercise certain rights, such as the right to revocation and the right to rescission, which are provided by law or agreed by the parties shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, from the date when the right holder knows or should have known that he has such a right, and the provisions on the suspension, interruption, or extension of the limitation period shall not be applicable. Upon expiration of the time period, the right to revocation, the right to rescission, and the like rights are extinguished.
第一百九十九條??法律規(guī)定或者當事人約定的撤銷權、解除權等權利的存續(xù)期間，除法律另有規(guī)定外，自權利人知道或者應當知道權利產生之日起計算，不適用有關訴訟時效中止、中斷和延長的規(guī)定。存續(xù)期間屆滿，撤銷權、解除權等權利消滅。
Chapter X Counting of Periods of Time
第十章??期間計算
Article 200 Time periods referred to in the civil law are counted by year, month, day, and hour according to the Gregorian calendar.
第二百條??民法所稱的期間按照公歷年、月、日、小時計算。
Article 201 Where a time period is counted by year, month, and day, the day on which the time period begins shall not be counted in and the period runs from the following day.
第二百零一條??按照年、月、日計算期間的，開始的當日不計入，自下一日開始計算。
Where a time period is counted by hour, the period begins to run from the hour as provided by law or agreed by the parties.
按照小時計算期間的，自法律規(guī)定或者當事人約定的時間開始計算。
Article 202 Where a time period is counted by year and month, the corresponding date of the due month is the last day of the time period; in the absence of such a corresponding date, the last day of that month is the last day of the time period.
第二百零二條??按照年、月計算期間的，到期月的對應日為期間的最后一日；沒有對應日的，月末日為期間的最后一日。
Article 203 Where the last day of a time period falls on a legal holiday, the day after the holiday is deemed as the last day of the period.
第二百零三條??期間的最后一日是法定休假日的，以法定休假日結束的次日為期間的最后一日。
The last day shall end at 24:00 hours; where a business hour is applied, the last day shall end at the time the business is closed.
期間的最后一日的截止時間為二十四時；有業(yè)務時間的，停止業(yè)務活動的時間為截止時間。
Article 204 The counting of a time period shall be governed by the provisions of this Code, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第二百零四條??期間的計算方法依照本法的規(guī)定，但是法律另有規(guī)定或者當事人另有約定的除外。