Full texts of China’s bilateral treaties on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and other judicial assistance matters are now available. The information below comes from the website of the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
To date, China and 39 States have concluded bilateral judicial assistance treaties, among which 35 bilateral treaties include the judgment enforcement clauses.
(For the List of China’s Cases on Recognition of Foreign Judgments, please click here.)
1. Algeria
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Algeria on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和阿爾及利亞民主人民共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 16 June 2012; China’s Signature: 10 Jan. 2010
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1535420380883
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535957857249.pdf
Text in Arabic (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535957869702.pdf
2. Argentine
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Argentine Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和阿根廷共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 9 Oct. 2011; China’s Signature: 9 Apr. 2001
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876830703
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876830715.pdf
3. Belarus
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和白俄羅斯共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 29 Nov. 1993; China’s Signature: 11 Jan. 1993
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876691738
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876691749.pdf
4. Belgium
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Belgium on Judicial Assistance in Civil Matters (中華人民共和國和比利時王國關(guān)于民事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: NO
Entry into force: Not yet; China’s Signature: 20 Nov. 1987
Note: N/A
Text in Chinese: http://www.people.cn/zixun/flfgk/item/dwjjf/falv/10/10-4-02.html
5. Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and Bosnia and Herzegovina on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 12 Oct. 2014; China’s Signature: 18 Dec. 2012
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531877006827
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531877006839.pdf
6. Brazil
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Federative Republic of Brazil on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和巴西聯(lián)邦共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 16 Aug. 2014; China’s Signature: 19 May 2009
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1535420488848
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535958017166.pdf
Text in Portuguese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535958030895.pdf
Text in English (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535958045476.pdf
7. Bulgaria
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Bulgaria on Judicial Assistance in Civil Matters (中華人民共和國和保加利亞共和國關(guān)于民事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 30 June 1995; China’s Signature: 2 June 1993
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876700383
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876700396.pdf
8. Cuba
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Cuba on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和古巴共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 26 Mar. 1994; China’s Signature: 24 Nov. 1992
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876680501
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876680513.pdf
9. Cyprus
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Cyprus on Judicial Assistance in Civil, Commercial and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和塞浦路斯共和國關(guān)于民事、商事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 11 Jan. 1996; China’s Signature: 25 Apr. 1995
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876730082
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876730094.pdf
10. Egypt
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Arab Republic of Egypt on Judicial Assistance in Civil, Commercial and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和阿拉伯埃及共和國關(guān)于民事、商事和刑事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 31 May 1995; China’s Signature: 21 Apr. 1994
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876711002
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876711014.pdf
11. Ethiopia
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和埃塞俄比亞聯(lián)邦民主共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 3 Jan. 2018; China’s Signature: 4 May 2014
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1535420588872
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535957911543.pdf
Text in Amharic (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535957927585.pdf
Text in English (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535957937277.pdf
12. France
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the French Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和法蘭西共和國關(guān)于民事、商事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 8 Feb. 1988; China’s Signature: 4 May 1987
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876617530
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876617542.pdf
13. Greece
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Hellenic Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和希臘共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 29 June 1996; China’s Signature: 17 Oct. 1994
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876717830
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876717842.pdf
14. Hungary
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Hungary on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和匈牙利共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 21 Mar. 1997; China’s Signature: 9 Oct. 1995
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876735271
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876735283.pdf
15. Iran
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Iran on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和伊朗伊斯蘭共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 13 July 2021; China’s Signature: 23 Jan. 2016
Note: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202104/6bfa3e3c83ac42eaa840057140a34c9e.shtml
Text in Chinese:
http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202104/029b4b3d78c8441ebb49c0bf9cc81172.shtml
16. Italy
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Italian Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil Matters (中華人民共和國和意大利共和國關(guān)于民事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 1 Jan. 1995; China’s Signature: 20 May 1991
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876660241
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876660252.pdf
17. Kazakhstan
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和哈薩克斯坦共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 11 July 1995; China’s Signature: 14 Jan. 1993
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876688779
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876688792.pdf
18. Kuwait
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the State of Kuwait on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和科威特國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 6 June 2013; China’s Signature: 18 June 2007
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1535420269814
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535959050561.pdf
Text in Arabic (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535959069196.pdf
Text in English (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180903/1535959086937.pdf
19. Kyrgyzstan
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和吉爾吉斯共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 26 Sept. 1997; China’s Signature: 4 July 1996
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876747433
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876747445.pdf
20. Laos
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和老撾人民民主共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 15 Dec. 2001; China’s Signature: 25 Jan. 1999
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876794036
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876794047.pdf
21. Lithuania
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Lithuania on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和立陶宛共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 19 Jan. 2002; China’s Signature: 20 Mar. 2000
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876815440
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876815453.pdf
22. Mongolia
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Mongolian People's Republic on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和蒙古人民共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 29 Oct. 1990; China’s Signature: 31 Aug. 1989
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876638717
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876638729.pdf
23. Morocco
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Morocco on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和摩洛哥王國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 26 Nov. 1999; China’s Signature: 16 Apr. 1996
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876755492
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876755503.pdf
24. North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和朝鮮民主主義人民共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 21 Jan. 2006; China’s Signature: 19 Nov. 2003
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876855012
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876855024.pdf
25. Peru
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Peru on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和秘魯共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 25 May 2012; China’s Signature: 19 Mar. 2008
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876943359
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876943372.pdf
26. Poland
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Poland on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和波蘭人民共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 13 Feb. 1988; China’s Signature: 5 June 1987
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876617321
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876617333.pdf
27. Romania
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and Romania on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和羅馬尼亞關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 22 Jan. 1993; China’s Signature: 16 Jan. 1991
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876659422
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876659434.pdf
28. Russia
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和俄羅斯聯(lián)邦關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 14 Nov. 1993; China’s Signature: 19 June 1992
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876678831
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876678843.pdf
29. Singapore
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Singapore on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和新加坡共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: NO
Entry into force: 27 June 1999; China’s Signature: 28 Apr. 1997
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876766055
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876766067.pdf
30. South Korea (Republic of Korea)
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Korea on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和大韓民國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: NO
Entry into force: 27 Apr. 2005; China’s Signature: 7 July 2003
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876854273
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876854284.pdf
31. Spain
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Spain on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和西班牙王國關(guān)于民事、商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 1 Jan. 1994; China’s Signature: 2 May 1992
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876678126
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876678138.pdf
32. Tajikistan
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和塔吉克斯坦共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 2 Sept. 1998; China’s Signature: 16 Sept. 1996
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876748876
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876748889.pdf
33. Thailand
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Thailand on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters and on Cooperation in Arbitration (中華人民共和國和泰王國關(guān)于民商事司法協(xié)助和仲裁合作的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: NO
Entry into force: 6 July 1997; China’s Signature: 16 Mar. 1994
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876708472
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876708484.pdf
34. Tunisia
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Tunisia on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和突尼斯共和國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 20 July 2000; China’s Signature: 4 May 1999
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876800291
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876800303.pdf
35. Turkey
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Turkey on Judicial Assistance in Civil, Commercial and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和土耳其共和國關(guān)于民事、商事和刑事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 26 Oct. 1995; China’s Signature: 28 Sept. 1992
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876664381
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876664392.pdf
36. United Arab Emirates
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the United Arab Emirates on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (中華人民共和國和阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國關(guān)于民事和商事司法協(xié)助的協(xié)定)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 12 Apr. 2005; China’s Signature: 21 Apr. 2004
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876863419
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876863431.pdf
37. Ukraine
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和烏克蘭關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 19 Jan. 1994; China’s Signature: 31 Oct. 1992
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876677102
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876677114.pdf
38. Uzbekistan
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Uzbekistan on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和烏茲別克斯坦共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 29 Aug. 1998; China’s Signature: 11 Dec. 1997
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876764140
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876764151.pdf
39. Viet Nam
Treaty Between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters (中華人民共和國和越南社會主義共和國關(guān)于民事和刑事司法協(xié)助的條約)
Inclusion of Judgment Recognition and Enforcement Clauses: YES
Entry into force: 25 Dec. 1999; China’s Signature: 19 Oct. 1998
Note: http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876784509
Text in Chinese (PDF): http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876784522.pdf
Cover Photo by PublicDomainPictures (https://pixabay.com/zh/users/publicdomainpictures-14/) on Pixabay
Contributors: Meng Yu 余萌
